Drug formLiquid (for external use)
ATC categoryAnifungals
ATC subcategoryAzole antifungals (for external use)
Brand nameKetoconazole
Generic nameKetoconazole
Each ml of shampoo contains:
active ingredient: ketoconazole – 20mg;
excipients: cocamide DEA, cocamidopropyl betaine, sodium laureth sulfate, diazolidinyl urea, hydrochloric acid(conc), triethanolamine 98 %, sodium chloride, flavor apple,color red E-129, water deionized.
Mechanism of Action
Ketoconazole usually is fungistatic in action, but may be fungicidal at high concentrations after prolonged incubation or against very susceptible organisms.
Like other azole antifungal agents, ketoconazole presumably exerts its antifungal activity by altering and damaging cellular membranes, resulting in increased membrane permeability, secondary metabolic effects, and growth inhibition of fungal cells. Although the exact mechanism of action of ketoconazole has not been fully determined, it has been suggested that the fungistatic activity of the drug may result from interference with ergosterol synthesis, probably via inhibition of C-14 demethylation of sterol intermediates (e.g., lanosterol). The fungicidal activity of ketoconazole at high concentrations may result from a direct physiochemical effect of the drug on the fungal cell membrane.
Ketoconazole 2% shampoo is an imidazole antifungal administered topically for scale washing. It is given in candidiasis and dermatophyte infections of the scalp for prophylaxis and treatment. It indicated for treatment of dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis. It has been given for the prophylaxis of fungal infections in immunocompromised patients, although fluconazole or itraconazole are usually preferred. It has been recommended that, because of its erratic absorption and slow therapeutic response, ketoconazole should not be used for the treatment of life-threatening fungal infections, including fungal meningitis, or for severe infections in immunocompromised patients.
Antimicrobial action and microbial sensitivity
Ketoconazole is a broad-spectrum synthetic antifungal agent which inhibits the growth of the following common dermatophytes and yeasts by altering the permeability of the cell membrane: dermatophytes: Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, T. tonsurans, Microsporum canis, M. audouini, M. gypseum and Epidermophyton floccosum; yeast:Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, Pityrosporum ovale and Pityrosporum orbiculare (M. furfur).Development of resistance by these microorganisms to ketoconazole has not been reported.
Ketoconazole has activity against some Gram-positive bacteria and some antiprotozoal activity against Leishmania spp. There are rare reports of Candida albicans acquiring resistance to ketoconazole. Pharmacological activity of ketoconazole depends on its concentration in different pharmaceutical forms.
The emergence of strains of Candida spp. resistant to ketoconazole has become increasingly important, particularly in immunocompromised patients receiving long-term prophylaxis with fluconazole. In addition to resistance in C. albicans, infections with C. dubliniensis, C. glabrata, and C. krusei, all of which may be less sensitive to ketoconazole than C. albicans, have been noted in these patients, and secondary resistance of C. glabrata has been reported during ketoconazole therapy.
Administration
Shampoo should be applied on scalp for 3-5 minutеs once daily and then washed away with warm water. For treatment of dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis it is used twice in a week during 3-4 weeks, then as needed to control dandruff or seborrheic dermatitis. If the condition is worsens or fails to improve it shampoo may be applied for two to four weeks additionaly. or patient should see a physician. If the scalp is broken or inflamed, the patient should not use product.
For treatment of pityriasis versicolor shampoo should be applied once daily for 5 following days.
For prophylaxis of dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis shampoo is applied once daily for a week or two weeks. Shampoo should not be used for prolonged periods without consulting a physician.Maximal duration of treating lasts up to 9 weeks. Medical consultation is needed when symptoms are persist, or others are appeared.
For prophylaxis apply once daily for up to 3 days before sun exposure, leave preparation on for 3–5 minutes before rinsing.
As in case of use of other shampooslocal irritation, pruritus or contact dermatitis may observedafter application of ketococonazole shampoo (as result of irritation or allergic reactions). Hair may become fatty or dry.However, when using a Ketoconazole as 20 mg/g shampoo these effects are rare.
In rare cases,primarily in patients with chemically damaged or gray hair,change in hair color observed.
Adverse reactions identified in clinical studies:Adverse reactions, observed in ≥ 1% of patients after application Ketoconazole shampoo 2% on the hairy parts heads or skin, is not revealed.Adverse reactions, observed in ≤ 1% of patients, after application of Ketoconazole 2% shampoo on the hairy parts heads or skin, are follows:
Eye disorders: eye irritation, increased lacrimation.
General disorders and administration site conditions: application site erythema, application site irritation, application site pruritus, application site reaction , hypersensitivity, pruritus, pustules, skin reactions.
Immune system disorders: hypersensitivity.
Infections and Infestations: folliculitis.
Nervous System Disorders: dysgeusia.
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders: acne, alopecia, dermatitis contact, dry skin, hair texture abnormal, skin burning sensation, skin rash, skin exfoliation.
Adverse effects have been identified during post-marketing studies, listed below according to the following classification:
Very common (≥1/10);
Common (≥1/100 to ≤ 1/10);
Uncommon (≥1/1,000 to ≤ 1/100);
Rare (≥1/10,000 to ≤ 1/1,000);
Very rare (<1/10,000) including isolated reports;
Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disturbances.
Violations of the skin and subcutaneous tissue:
Very rare: angioedema, urticarial, hair colour changes.
Pediatric Precautions
– Ketoconazole shampoo has not been systematically studied in children of any age. There is essentially no information to date on use of the drug in children younger than 12 years of age. Although ketoconazole has been used in a limited number of children, it is contraindicated for children under age of 12 years.
Scalp damage on surface for application. High hypersensitivity to drug components.Shampoo intended for external use. Avoid it’s occasional connection with the eyes, nose, mouth, opened wounds. When indicated in patients, treating with topical GCS for a lonf time, usage of them should be interrupted for 2- 3 weeks to avoid withdrawal [abstinence] syndrome. In case of inflammation or irritation doctor advice is needed. Suppotive measures should be done when shampoo occasional is used internally.
There no observed of overdose in using Ketoconazole 2 % shampoo , as the product intended for topical use. In case of accidental ingestion, supportive or symptomatic measures should be carried out. In order to avoid aspiration, neither emesis nor gastric lavage should be instigated.
There is not any case of systemic absorption of Ketoconazole during it’s usage. Any drug interactions are excluded.
100 ml of shampoo in a plastic bottle (inside package).
The 1 bottle with leaflet packed in cardboard box(outer package).
3 years. Do not use after the expiration date.
To be dispensed without prescription.
Store at a room temperature (15-250C), in a dry place, out of the reach of children, protect from light.
